Why Peace Remains Elusive? An Analysis of the Role of Global Stakeholders in the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict

Abstract

Nagorno-Karabakh remains a contested region between Azerbaijan and Armenia, both post-soviet Republics in the Caucasus region, surrounded by the Black and Caspian Seas. From 1918 to 2020, the area has been embroiled in four wars and many border clashes, resulting in thousands of casualties and the displacement of up to a million people. International players have been trying to mediate the conflict since 1988; however, it persists unresolved. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the roles of global stakeholders in the conflict and analyze the reasons behind their inability to achieve a resolution. Drawing upon theoretical frameworks such as realism and constructivism in conflict resolution, the research explores the interplay of historical grievances, geopolitical interests and domestic politics in perpetuating the ongoing stalemate. The study's significant findings show global stakeholders’ national and geopolitical interests coupled with domestic politics and historical grievances make this conflict protracted. It offers theoretical suggestions for enhancing future mediation strategies. Such insights are vital for policymakers and practitioners seeking to advance sustainable peace in the South Caucasus region.